---
name: drizzle-6f01a7ce9983
description: Expert Drizzle ORM assistance covering type-safe schema declaration, migrations, relations, and serverless database clients. Use when building performant TypeScript apps with PostgreSQL, MySQL, or SQLite.
---

# Drizzle ORM

Drizzle ORM is a lightweight, type-safe TypeScript ORM that mirrors SQL syntax directly, featuring zero runtime overhead, instant cold starts, and seamless edge-runtime support.

## When to Use

- **TypeScript-First Object Relational Mapping**: Lightweight, SQL-like ORM with zero code-generation overhead and maximum type safety.
- **Serverless & Edge Runtimes**: Next.js, Cloudflare Workers, Bun, Supabase, and AWS Lambda with zero cold-start penalty.
- **Relational Databases with Precise Control**: PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite requiring explicit query execution and predictable SQL output.
- **Schema-as-Code & Declarative Migrations**: Managing migrations cleanly with `drizzle-kit`.

## Quick Start

```typescript
// schema.ts
import { pgTable, serial, text, timestamp } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

export const users = pgTable("users", {
  id: serial("id").primaryKey(),
  name: text("name").notNull(),
  email: text("email").notNull().unique(),
  createdAt: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow(),
});

// query.ts
import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/node-postgres";
import { users } from "./schema";

const db = drizzle(process.env.DATABASE_URL);
const allUsers = await db.select().from(users);
```

## Core Concepts

### Declarative Schema Definition with Relationships

Type-safe table schemas and foreign key relations:

```typescript
import {
  pgTable,
  serial,
  text,
  timestamp,
  integer,
  boolean,
} from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";
import { relations } from "drizzle-orm";

export const users = pgTable("users", {
  id: serial("id").primaryKey(),
  email: text("email").notNull().unique(),
  fullName: text("full_name").notNull(),
  createdAt: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
});

export const posts = pgTable("posts", {
  id: serial("id").primaryKey(),
  title: text("title").notNull(),
  authorId: integer("author_id")
    .notNull()
    .references(() => users.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
  published: boolean("published").default(false).notNull(),
});

export const usersRelations = relations(users, ({ many }) => ({
  posts: many(posts),
}));

export const postsRelations = relations(posts, ({ one }) => ({
  author: one(users, {
    fields: [posts.authorId],
    references: [users.id],
  }),
}));
```

### Relational Queries & SQL-Like Filtering

Intuitive query API combining SQL syntax with relational loading:

```typescript
import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/node-postgres";
import { eq, desc, and } from "drizzle-orm";
import { users, posts } from "./schema";

const db = drizzle(process.env.DATABASE_URL!);

// Relational query mode
async function getAuthorWithPosts(userId: number) {
  return await db.query.users.findFirst({
    where: eq(users.id, userId),
    with: {
      posts: {
        where: eq(posts.published, true),
        orderBy: [desc(posts.id)],
      },
    },
  });
}

// SQL-like query builder mode
async function updatePostStatus(postId: number, isPublished: boolean) {
  return await db
    .update(posts)
    .set({ published: isPublished })
    .where(eq(posts.id, postId))
    .returning();
}
```

### Drizzle Kit Migrations & Introspection

Declarative migration generation and application:

```typescript
// drizzle.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "drizzle-kit";

export default defineConfig({
  schema: "./src/db/schema.ts",
  out: "./drizzle",
  dialect: "postgresql",
  dbCredentials: {
    url: process.env.DATABASE_URL!,
  },
  verbose: true,
  strict: true,
});
```

## Common Patterns

### Relational Queries with Prepared Statements

**Problem**: Writing complex SQL joins while retaining strict compile-time TypeScript type inference.

**Solution**:
Use Drizzle's Relational Queries API:

```typescript
import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";

const userWithPosts = await db.query.users.findFirst({
  where: eq(users.id, 1),
  with: {
    posts: {
      columns: { title: true, createdAt: true },
      limit: 5,
    },
  },
});
```

## Best Practices

**Do**:

- Split schemas into modular domain files and export them through a centralized `schema.ts`.
- Use `db.query` for nested relational reads and standard SQL query builder for mutations and bulk operations.
- Run `drizzle-kit check` and `drizzle-kit generate` in CI to detect schema discrepancies before deployment.
- Specify `onDelete` cascades explicitly on all foreign key constraints.

**Don't**:

- Perform multiple round-trips for insert-then-read; use `.returning()` to fetch modified rows immediately.
- Instantiate multiple database client connections in serverless edge handlers; reuse client instances.
- Mix multiple SQL dialects in a single schema definition.

## Troubleshooting

| Error                                                     | Cause                                                              | Solution                                                               |
| :-------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `Error: relation "..." does not exist`                    | Migrations have not been generated or pushed to database.          | Run `npx drizzle-kit generate` and `npx drizzle-kit migrate`.          |
| `Type error: Property 'query' does not exist on type ...` | Schema not passed to `drizzle(client, { schema })` initialization. | Pass your schema object: `drizzle(client, { schema: { ...schema } })`. |
| `duplicate key value violates unique constraint`          | Inserting record with existing unique column value.                | Use `.onConflictDoNothing()` or `.onConflictDoUpdate()`.               |

## References

- [Drizzle ORM Documentation](https://orm.drizzle.team/)


---
Source attribution: G1Joshi
Original project: https://github.com/G1Joshi/Agent-Skills/blob/6a74cf03a8a86dc7d993ead3091b41123dbd0181/skills/frameworks/drizzle/SKILL.md
License: MIT
License information: https://opensource.org/license/mit
Original upstream instructions; downloaded from Mega AI Hub.

## Upstream license notice

MIT License

Copyright (c) 2026 G1Joshi

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.



# Mega AI Hub resource metadata

Creator / publisher: G1Joshi
Original project: https://github.com/G1Joshi/Agent-Skills/blob/6a74cf03a8a86dc7d993ead3091b41123dbd0181/skills/frameworks/drizzle/SKILL.md
Attribution basis: Source repository record

Fields of work: Development & Engineering
Roles: Backend Developer, Data Engineer, Database Administrator
Specialties: Cross Platform, Database
Tools: Drizzle
Country applicability: Country not specified
Classification basis: Source catalog labels
Instruction SHA-256: 6977d83c9309260b0c3b00b048cd6e4241a94293d21a0181722abc0c993bd0bd